Eligible participants were provided informed consent documents, and consenting participants were passed into an online survey. Participants were eligible for the baseline study survey if they were males ≥ 18 years of age and reported at least one male sex partner in the last 12 months. Participants referred to the survey site after clicking through were first screened for eligibility. Two of the advertisements presented a white male model, two presented a black male model, and two presented an Asian male model. Six banner advertisements were used, all with similar text and graphical design. Participants who clicked through the banner advertisements were taken to an internet-based survey.
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and who reported their sexual orientation as gay, bisexual, or unsure. Exposures were made at random times of day to males ≥ 18 years logging into MySpace whose profile indicated a residence in the U.S. During the recruitment period, advertisements were displayed to MySpace members based on self-reported demographic profile information. The ads displayed men of differing races and ages, in order to attract participants from a range of backgrounds. We recruited internet-using MSM through selective placement of banner advertisements on. The current study adds to the existing body of evidence on IPV among same-sex couples by using a larger sample size than has been used in previous studies, and by demonstrating how social networking sites can be used to collect thus type of data. Online surveys have the potential to surmount many of the recruitment issues that have hampered previous attempts to quantify IPV among same-sex populations.
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This paper examines the use of an online survey, marketed through a popular social networking site, to collect data on the experience and perpetration of IPV among self-identifying gay and bisexual men in the U.S. 16 reported that 22% of a sample of men who had sex with men (MSM) had been subject to physical abuse from an intimate partner. 4 found that participants were often physically struck by their partners, and were coerced into substance abuse. Elliot 14 and De Vidas 15 suggest that between 22–46% of lesbians have been in relationships featuring physical violence.
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9 Physical abuse seems to occur in a significant portion of abusive same-sex relationships. 5, 8, 9, 13 These rates are similar to estimates of abuse in heterosexual relationships.
6, 9 – 12 The existing evidence suggests that IPV affects approximately one-quarter to one-half of all same-sex relationships. 7, 8 Moreover, victims of same-sex IPV may be hesitant to seek help, due to internalized or institutionalized homophobia, the nature of the abuse itself, or a perceived lack of useful resources resulting in underreporting of abuse. The latter is due to the problems researchers have faced in recruiting representative samples, and many researchers have thus relied upon convenience samples recruited through LGBT publications, events and organizations. 6 These include a tendency to focus on lesbians, often to the exclusion of gay and bisexual men, a focus on child abuse and hate crimes to the exclusion of IPV, and a failure to use representative samples. 4, 5 Additionally, a number of methodological issues have hampered research into IPV among LGBT individuals. However, a growing body of literature suggests that IPV occurs within same-sex relationships and that members of the Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender (LGBT) community face a number of unique challenges in accessing IPV-related services. 2, 3 In the scientific literature the most common depiction of intimate partner violence (IPV) involves a male batterer and a female victim. 1 In many states, same-sex partnerships are not recognized legally, and thus couples may have limited or no access to traditional intimate partner violence (IPV) safeguards. Based on United States Census data, approximately 700,000 same-sex couples live together in the U.S.